Objective To assess the economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China, 2018, and to provide a certain quantitative basis for the health administrative institution to formulate relevant prevention and control strategies. Methods Forty new cases of dengue fever were selected who were isolated and treated in a grade A tertiary hospital of Ningbo. Their information such as hospitalization process, treatment costs, indirect costs, and medical insurance reimbursement rate were collected to estimate the economic burden of dengue fever. Results The median length of hospitalization of the 40 cases was 8 (6-9) days. The economic burden of dengue fever was 3 718.16 (2 453.19-5 536.46) yuan per capita, with the direct economic burden of disease of 2 253.75 (767.16-3 606.54) yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease of 1 701.36 (1 432.72-1 813.29) yuan, indicating that the direct economic burden accounted for a large proportion. The total economic burden was about 260.30 (171.70-387.60) thousand yuan, with the direct economic burden of disease of 157.8 thousand yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease of 119.10 thousand yuan. Of the 40 dengue fever cases, 72.50% participated in medical insurance. The medical insurance reimbursement rate was negatively correlated with the direct medical economic burden, the direct economic burden of disease, and the economic burden of disease; the direct medical economic burden decreased as the reimbursement rate increased (P<0.05). Conclusion The economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo is relatively high, the participation rate in medical insurance should be further increased to reduce the direct medical economic burden of patients.

Objective The discharge dynamic models of Gasterophilus spp. larvae were established by fitting the number of larvaeshedding from the equids after taking ivermectin. According to the models, the peaks of larvae discharge were predicted, which could help the collection of fresh maggots. Methods Three domestic horses and three Przewalski's horses were randomly selected and were kept in small enclosures separately. Maggots of each animal was harvested per unit time after taking ivermectin, the average rates of discharge larvae were calculated for both domestic and Przewalski's horses. Quadratic, Compound and Cubic models were used to fit the dynamics of larvae discharge. Results Among the three fitting models, the Cubic models were the best models to fit the discharge rate of the larvae (domestic horses:adjusted R ²=0.837; Przewalski's horses:adjusted R ²=0.940). The regression equations of the dynamic fitting of domestic and Przewalski's horses were: Y _d=-1.302 766+0.075 436 t-0.001 177 t ²+0.000 006 t ³ (27.6 ≤ t ≤ 87.9), Y _p=-1.178 999+0.071 902 t-0.001 157 t ²+0.000 006 t ³ (25.7 ≤ t ≤ 84.7). According to the regression equations, the peak values of domestic and Przewalski's horses were 49.0 h and 47.1 h. Conclusion The efficacy was not related to the equine species and infection intensity of Gasterophilus spp. larvae. The regression equation quantified the early observations, the conclusion could help to improve the collection efficiency and obtain fresh maggot samples, which laid a foundation for further study.

Objective A parasitological survey was conducted in wild and captive populations of Equus przewalskii with treatment of antiparasitics to investigate the infection, diversity and parasitic characteristics of Gasterophilus spp. in E. przewalskii which lives in different conditions. Methods Gasterophilus spp. larvae were collected and counted from the random fecal samples of E. przewalskii populations and all the fecal samples of E. przewalskii individuals after antiparasitic treatment in January 2015. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the mean number of Gasterophilus spp. larvae at the peak of larvae expelled between wild and captive populations (140.8±62.8 and 1.8±0.9, respectively) (u=-4.997, P=0.000). Larval burdens of captive population were reduced by establishing isolated zone and providing special forage grasses. A total of 5 357 larvae were collected from wild population, which were identified as the following 5 species of Gasterophilus spp.: G. pecorum, G. nasalis, G. nigricornis, G. intestinalis and G. haemorrhoidalis. Gasterophilus pecorum (96.84%) was the predominant species in the wild population. In total 83 larvae were collected from captive population, and 5 species of Gasterophilus spp. were identified as follows: G. intestinalis, G. haemorrhoidalis, G. nasalis, G. nigricornis, and G. inermis. The prevailing species were G. intestinalis (48.19%) and G. haemorrhoidalis (39.76%). There was an obvious difference between wild and captive population in species composition of Gasterophilus. Shannon-Wiener index of Gasterophilus spp. was 1.07 in the captive population, significantly higher than the wild one(0.17). The evenness index of Gasterophilus spp. was higher in the captive population (0.66) similarly, while it was 0.10 in the wild population. The results shown a striking difference of Gasterophilus spp. diversity between wild and captive populations, while the latter was rigorous infected by horse gastrointestinal myiasis. Gasterophilus pecorum was the predominant species in the wild population while it was absent in the captive population, which indicated that unique transmission cycle with grass was intyerrupted. Conclusion Equus przewalskii populations in different living environments have distinctly different infective charsacteristics of Gasterophilus spp., G. pecorum has extremely strong adaptability to the desert steppe.

Objective To investigate the species composition, diversity and prevalence of the infection of Gasterophilus botfly larvae in horses from Duolun county, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Methods Adult horses were treatedorally using ivermectin, the botfly larvae were collected from the feces and identified. Results Six species in the genus Gasterophilus were collected from each individual horse and with the following prevalence: G. intestinalis 53.04%, G. nasalis 24.00%, G. haemorrhoidalis 10.61%, G. pecorum 6.96%, G. nigricornis 3.13%, G. inermis 2.26%. Conclusion The species of Gasterophilus in Duolun county are abundant, and the horse gastric myiasis is prevalent in this area.

Objective In order to understand in vitro development rules of Gasterophilus pecorum and lay the foundation for further study of this myiasis. Methods Collected the mature larvae of G. pecorum from Przewalaski's Horse in April 2014, cultured pupae under the natural varying temperature. Record the average temperature of development and developmental duration, the developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulated temperature for pupae of G. pecorum were determined by using rule of effective temperature summation“least square method”. Results (1) The developmental threshold temperature had a range of (10.58± 0.64)℃ and the effective accumulated temperature had a range of (190.95 ± 24.85) d·℃; (2) Unary linear regression equation was established between the developmental temperature and developmental rate: (V=-0.0541 + 0.0052T). The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the developmental temperature and developmental rate (r₂=0.923, P=0.001); (3) The development duration prediction for pupae of G. pecorum was established: N=(190.95± 24.85)/[T-(10.58± 0.64)]. Conclusion Through the investigation of local temperature, the development duration prediction for pupae of G. pecorum was applied to predict the adult emergence period of G. pecorum. Combined with the larvae investigation of G. pecorum can provides effective scientific basis for predict adult occurrence dynamics of G. pecorum.

Objective To investigate the levels of resistance and the resistance stability of Blattella germanica to five commonly used insecticides, i.e., beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, acephate, propoxur, and deltamethrin, in Fengtai district, Beijing, China.Methods The B. germanica used in this study was the first filial generation (F1 generation) and that was bred in the laboratory followed by one-year normal feeding. The insecticide film method recommended by the World Health Organization was used to determine the median knock-down time (KT₅₀) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI), knock-down rate, and mortality rate of B. germanica exposed to the five commonly used insecticides and to assess the levels of resistance and the resistance abatement of B. germanica. Results The mean coefficients of resistance (R/S) of the F1 generation of B. germanica to beta-cypermethrin, acephate, deltamethrin, propoxur, and chlorpyrifos were 7.91, 1.90, 30.52, 4.56, and 2.06, respectively. The rates of resistance decline in B. germanica after one-year exposure to the five commonly used insecticides were 42.82%, 49.70%, 74.77%, 56.51%, and -24.19%, respectively. Conclusion Blattella germanica has developed different levels of resistance to the five commonly used insecticides in Fengtai district, Beijing. After feeding for one year in the laboratory, the rates of resistance of B. germanica declined for more than 40% for all insecticides except chlorpyrifos.

Objective To investigate the levels of resistance and the resistance stability of Blattella germanica to five commonly used insecticides, i.e., beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, acephate, propoxur, and deltamethrin, in Fengtai district, Beijing, China. Methods The B. germanica used in this study was the first filial generation (F1 generation) and that was bred in the laboratory followed by one-year normal feeding. The insecticide film method recommended by the World Health Organization was used to determine the median knock-down time (KT50) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI), knock-down rate, and mortality rate of B. germanica exposed to the five commonly used insecticides and to assess the levels of resistance and the resistance abatement of B. germanica. Results The mean coefficients of resistance (R/S) of the F1 generation of B. germanica to beta-cypermethrin, acephate, deltamethrin, propoxur, and chlorpyrifos were 7.91, 1.90, 30.52, 4.56, and 2.06, respectively. The rates of resistance decline in B. germanica after one-year exposure to the five commonly used insecticides were 42.82%, 49.70%, 74.77%, 56.51%, and -24.19%, respectively. Conclusion Blattella germanica has developed different levels of resistance to the five commonly used insecticides in Fengtai district, Beijing. After feeding for one year in the laboratory, the rates of resistance of B. germanica declined for more than 40% for all insecticides except chlorpyrifos.

Objective To observe the sensilla on the cephalic segments of the second-instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to provide new morphological information and screen out the characteristic for species identification. Methods From June to August 2012, adult females of L. sericata were collected in the Songshan National Nature Reserve in Beijing and the campus of Beijing Forestry University and was then reared in the laboratory to obtain larval specimens. The sensilla on the cephalic segments of larvae were observed by SEM. Results The cephalic segment bore an antenno-maxillary sensory complex formed by the antenna (a big coeloconic sensillum), three big coeloconic sensilla, three basiconic sensilla, and six small coeloconic sensilla on the inner surface of maxillary palp, and two big coeloconic sensilla on the outer surface of maxillary palp. A pair of pit sensilla were observed on the oral groove, and each labial organ was equipped with a big coeloconic sensillum and a pit sensillum. Conclusion The new morphological characteristics of the larvae of Calliphoridae, such as the pit sensillum on labial organ and the small coeloconic sensilla on maxillary palp, are discovered. The small coeloconic sensilla can be used as a morphological characteristic for identification of the second-instar larvae of L. sericata.

Objective To investigate the susceptibility of Blattella germanica to five commonly used insecticides, beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, acephate, propoxur, and deltamethrin, in Fengtai district of Beijing, China, and to provide a scientific basis for proper use of insecticides. Methods A large number of adult B. germanica individuals were collected in a farmer's market in Fengtai district to obtain the first filial generation for testing in the laboratory. The insecticide film contact method, as recommended by the WHO, was used to determine the susceptibility of B. germanica to commonly used insecticides, and the median knockdown time (KT₅₀) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI), knockdown rate, and mortality of B. germanica were used for estimating the resistance levels to commonly used insecticides. Results The mean resistance coefficients (R/S) of B. germanica to beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, acephate, propoxur, and deltamethrin were 7.91, 2.06, 2.79, 4.56, and 30.52, respectively, and the five commonly used insecticides had the rates of decrease in lethal effect within 24 hours at 100%, 13.33%, 20.00%, 73.33%, and 90.00%, respectively. Conclusion B. germanica in Fengtai district of Beijing have developed high resistance to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin, but its resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides such as chlorpyrifos and propoxur is relatively low, which may be due to the differences in the frequency and way of insecticide use.

Objective To investigate the species composition of aquatic flies in the water sources of the wild-release area for Przewalski's horses in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Methods The investigation was conducted by insect taxonomy. Results Lispe was the common aquatic fly in the water sources. Nine species of Lispe were identified, occupying 90% of known species of Lispe in Xinjiang and 21% in China. Lispe appendibacula Xue et Zhang, 2005 was first found in Xinjiang, with updated description of identification characteristics and quantified variation range of morphological characteristics. Conclusion There are abundant species of Lispe in Xinjiang.

Objective To study the taxonomy of Piezura in Beijing. Methods Morphological taxonomy of insects and comparative morphology were employed. Results New record of Piezura shanxiensis in Beijing was discovered, with photo of this species. Conclusion The faunal of the genus Piezura in Beijing is enriched.

Objective To investigate the biodiversity and fauna of Tachinidae in Songshan National Nature Reserve of Beijing. Methods Entomological taxonomy and zoogeography principles and Methods were used in this study. Results There were 76 species, belonging to 4 subfamilies, 18 tribes and 53 genera, including 16 endemic species for China, 50 new records for Beijing and 2 new records for China. The catalogue of Tachinidae in Songshan was provided. Conclusion The Palaearctic composition is the main characteristic of the Tachinidae fauna in Songshan National Nature Reserve of Beijing. This fauna is enriched by the findings in this region. All specimens are preserved in the Insect Collections, Beijing Forestry University, China.

Objective To study the taxonomy of the genus Portschinskia in Beijing. Methods Morphological taxonomy of insects, comparative morphology and biological drawing were conducted. Results New records in Beijing included the genus Portschinskia, together with P. magnifica and P. przewalskyi. Notes on P. magnifica were renewed. Additionally, a list and key to the genus Portschinskia in Beijing were provided. Conclusion The faunal composition of the genus Portschinskia has been enriched.

Objective To study the taxonomy of Lispini in Fujian province. Methods Morphological taxonomy of the insects was conducted. Results There were 7 species of 2 genera of Lispini found in Fujian province. New records in this province included the genus Xenolispa, together with Lispe pacifica, Lispe bivittata, Xenolispa binotata, and Xenolispa kowarzi. Notes on Xenolispa binotata were renewed. Additionally, a list of and a key to Lispini were established. Conclusion The faunal composition of Lispini in Fujian is enriched.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the influence factors in areas where rabies raged in Guizhou province, and provide the evidence for the establishment of focused intervention measure suitable for the rural areas. Methods A multistage sampling method was used in this study and all the data were analyzed by Excel 2003 after logging data with Epi Data. Results In recent years, the incidence of rabies in Zhenning county was very serious. The incidence rates of rabies in 2005 and 2006 were 6.16/10 thousand and 5.19/10 thousand respectively, which mainly caused by bite of dogs. Because of the large number of the dogs, the injury rate of the crowd was also higher. It was 6.47% in 2006, and there was significant difference between exposure rate of students （10.58%） and that of farmers （5.05%）（χ2＝36.57, P＜0.001）. About 31.40% exposed crowd were not done the medical treatment, and 35.41% exposed crowd without inoculation rabies vaccines, only 4.26% of Ⅲ° exposed crowd with rabies immunoglobulin. Villagers knew less about the knowledge of rabies prevention and control. Conclusion The main factors leading to the rage of rabies were large number of dogs, low immunization rate of the crowd, high exposure rate of the public and low treatment rate of exposed crowd in the investigated districts.

Objective To understand the epidemic dynamic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) which was in humans and animals in Taizhou city for preventive measures against the disease.Methods Choose the surveillant aera of Tiantai and Xianju,and the epidemic foci of the other counties as surveillance of epidemic of HFRS in humans and host animal,and use the indirect immunofluorescence assay to determine the antiboby and direct immunofluorescence assay to determine the antigen. Results 13 752 cases had been reported from 1984 to 2005 in Taizhou city,and the annual incidence was 11.90/100 000.The incidence 34.85/100 000 of 1986 was the highest.The incidence and the number of cases of Tiantai county was the highest in Taizhou city.From November to January of the next year was the main onset peak,and from April to June also had a small onset peak.The onset curve showed a double peak mode.The incidence number of age group of 20 to 49 accounted for 66.57% and the ratio of the male to female was 2.58∶1.Farmers accounted for 80.95% of all patients.The accordant rate of the suspected patients and the confirmed patients was 68.72%,and the recessive infection rate of in healthy people was 3.13%. The total density of small animal was 10.94%,and the outdoor density was 13.07% which was obviously higher than that in residential area 8.79%( P<0.01). Apodemus agrarius which accounted for 76.89%.However,the dominant species of rodents at residential the distribution of specific group was 2 items and 16 kinds in all.The predominant species of rodents outdoors was Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout which accounted for 77.37%.The virus carried rate of the Apodemus agrarius and R.norvegicus were 4.48% and 3.95% respectively.The virus carried rate of rodents were 0.044 and 0.036 respectively.The seasonal ebb and flow of the small animal density,the seasonal distribution of virus carried rate and the toxic index of rodents were by and large accord with the seasonal distribution of epidemic situation in humans,which all appeared from November to January of the next year and from April to June.The brumal peak was the main peak.The classification of the serum of the patients and the antigen of rodent lung had showed that the type of apodemus(Ⅰ) were respectively 60.91% and 53.52%,the type of house-rat(Ⅱ) were respectively 32.51% and 37.42%,and the unclassified ones were respectively 6.58% and 9.06%.Conclusion Taizhou city was the HFRS epidemic area of mixed types.The main type was the apodemus agrarius.Because of the high density of rodents and virus carried rate,it was reasonable to take the integrative preventive measures mainly by using bivalent vaccine and rodent control.

This paper deals with the Lispe leucospila species-group.The main taxonomic characters of this species-group are firstly presented. L.sinica is verified as an independtent species. L.leucospila and L.sinica are redescribed.The main distinctive features between L.leucospila and L.sinica are illustrated.

Objective:In order to study and control the epidemic foci type of HFRS in Tiantai county.Method:With HI and IFAT to test 486 patiens' serum antibodies against HFRS in whole county.Result:296 patients' sera belonged to the virus type of Apodemus agrarius,account for 60.91 percent of total cases.158 patients' sera belonged to the type of domestic mouse,account for 32.51 percent of total cases.The undefined type was 6.58 percent of total cases.Conclusion:Apodemus type foci are the major in patients with HFRS in Tiantai county.